Beare-eilân: ferskil tusken ferzjes
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Rigel 30:
== Skiednis ==
Men tinkt dat de [[Wytsingen]] al op it eilân west hawwe, mar der is gjin bewiis. De earste beskriuwing fan Beareneilân is fan [[Willem Barentsz]], dy't dêr wie op syn tredde ekspedysje yn [[1596]]. Yn de neifolgjende ieuwen is is it eilân wol brûkt as stasjon foar de [[walfiskfeart]], mar der ûntstie gjin permaninte bewenning. Eggs of seabirds were harvested from the large bird colonies until 1971. Starting in the early 17th century, the island was used mainly as a base for the hunting of [[walrus]] and other [[pinniped|seal]] species.<ref> Circumpolar Seabird Working Group [http://arcticportal.org/caff/cbird 2001][http://arcticportal.org/uploads/q8/qo/q8qoUGSfI0InO8Oi1SW23Q/Technical-no-9.pdf PDF: ''Seabird harvest regimes in the circumpolar nations'']</ref>
From 1916 to 1925 [[coal]] was mined at a small settlement named ''Tunheim'' on the northeastern coast, but mining was given up as unprofitable. Due to the cold and dry climate, the remains of the settlement, including a half-destroyed jetty and a steam locomotive, are relatively well preserved.
The whole island was privately owned by the coal mining [[joint stock company|company]] [[Bjørnøen|Bjørnøen AS]] from 1918 to 1932, when the Norwegian state took over the shares. Bjørnøen AS now exists as a state owned company and is jointly managed with [[Kings Bay AS]], the company that runs the operations of [[Ny-Ålesund]] on [[Spitsbergen]].<ref name=Statereport> {{cite web | author=Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry | year=2005| title=The State's Ownership Report 2004 | url=http://www.odin.no/filarkiv/253150/ownership2004.pdf |format=PDF| dateformat=mdy | accessdate=February 27 2006}}</ref> A Norwegian radio station (''Bjørnøya Radio'', [[callsign]]: ''LJB''<ref name=radiolist> {{cite web | year = 2005 | url = http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/ois/Operational_Information/VolumeD/VolumeD/Chapter4.pdf |format=PDF |title=List of coastal radio stations |work= |publisher= World Meteorological Organisation |dateformat=mdy |accessdate = October 9 2006}}</ref>) was established in ''Herwighamna'' on the north coast in 1919. It was later extended to include a meteorological station.
As the shipping routes from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to [[Murmansk]] and the ports of the [[White Sea]] pass through the Barents Sea, the waters near Bear Island were of great strategic importance in the [[World War II|Second World War]] as well as the [[Cold War]]. Although Svalbard was not occupied by Germany in the Second World War, German forces erected several weather stations there. An automated radio station was deployed on Bjørnøya in 1941. German forces attacked several [[Arctic convoys of World War II|arctic convoys]] with military supplies for the [[Soviet Union]] in the waters surrounding Bear Island. They inflicted heavy losses upon [[Convoy PQ-17]] in June/July 1942 but were ineffective in the [[Battle of the Barents Sea]] on New Year's Eve 1942. The waters southeast of Bear Island were the scene of more naval battles in 1943. In November 1944, the Soviet Union proposed to annul the Svalbard Treaty with the intention of gaining sovereignty over Bear Island. Negotiations with [[Trygve Lie]] of the Norwegian government-in-exile had however not led to an agreement by the end of the Second World War and the Soviet proposals were never implemented.<ref name=Arlov/> The Soviet Union (and later, Russia) maintained their presence on Spitsbergen, however.
In 2002 a [[nature reserve]] was established that covers all of the island, except {{convert|1.2|km2}} around the meteorological station; the reserve also includes the adjacent waters to four [[nautical mile]]s ({{convert|7.4|km}}) from the coast.<ref name=Forvplan>{{cite web | author=Sysselmannen på Svalbard (The Governor of Svalbard)| year=2005| title=Forvaltningsplan for Bjørnøya 2005-2010 ("Administrative plan for Bjørnøya 2005-2010") | url=http://www.sysselmannen.svalbard.no/forvpl_sms.pdf |format=PDF| dateformat=mdy |accessdate=November 24 2005}}</ref> In 2008 the decision was made to expand the reserve to {{convert|12|nmi|km}} from the coast covering {{convert|177|km2}} on land and {{convert|2805|km2}} of sea area.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Enlarged nature reserve around Bear Island |url=http://www.norwaypost.no/News/Enlarged-nature-reserve-around-Bear-Island/menu-id-26.html |work=[[Svalbardposten]] |publisher=The Norway Post |date=18 December 2008 |accessdate=18 December 2008 }}</ref> Today, the island's only inhabitants are the nine<ref name=NudieDip>{{cite web | title=Badet naken på Bjørnøya ("Swam naked on Bear island") | year=2008 | url=http://www.siste.no/Innenriks/article3730159.ece}}</ref> person staff of the Norwegian meteorological and radio station at Herwighamna. The station conducts meteorological observations and provides logistic and telecommunication services. It also maintains a landing place for use by helicopters of the [[Norwegian Coast Guard]]. The [[Norwegian Polar Institute]] conducts annual expeditions to Bear Island, mostly concerned with [[ornithology|ornithological]] research. Several other research projects, mostly pertaining to geography and climatology, are carried out less regularly. There are very few opportunities for individual travel to Bjørnøya. A few [[yacht]]s make landfall, usually en route between the Norwegian mainland and Spitsbergen. A small number of cruising ships have visited the island, but [[tourism]] is otherwise almost nonexistent.
Yn it [[Spitsbergen-ferdrach]] (1920) waard Beareneiland neamd as part fan [[Spitsbergen]] en kaam it oan [[Noarwegen]].
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